Citations and Further Resources
Notes
1976-1979
1. Asch and Musgrove, 393.
2. Bretholz, 28.
3. Crawford, 8.
1980
1. Gillette, 198.
2. Asch and Musgrove, 395-96.
3. Harper, 2.
4. Carson, 1980.
5. Safsy, 1985.
6. Jenkins, 5.
7. Du Lac, 2010.
8. Andersen and Jenkins; 41, 45.
9. Harper, 12.
10. MacKaye, 2018.
1981
1. Shilts, 67-69.
2. Asch and Musgrove, 396.
3. Leary, 2019.
4. Connolly, Clague, and Cheslow; 46.
5. Fleming, 2011.
6. Ibid.
7. Andersen and Jenkins, 98.
8. Ibid.; 28-30, 56.
1982
1. Taylor, 1982.
2. Asch and Musgrove, 398.
3. Whitman-Walker Health, "Our History."
4. Riviera, 2007.
5. Cheslow and Sears, 1982, 10
6. Cheslow and Sears, 1982, 21
7. Singer, 1985.
8. Singer, 1985.
9. Bill Asp’s Record and Tape Exchange in Arlington, Virginia
10. Singer, n.d.
11. Oi! is a subgenre of punk that academic and author Matthew Worley described as “aggressive stripped-down (punk) rock [that] brought punk’s class rhetoric to the fore [and] claimed to engage with aspects of young working-class life from authentic experience. Theirs were songs of youth cultural antagonisms, work (or the lack of it), football violence, petty crime, police harassment and a suspicion of authority in all its forms.” Worley also notes that Oi! was frequently “accused of flirting with the language and imagery of National Socialism to provide a conduit for ‘violent-racist-sexist-fascist’ attitudes to feed their way into popular music.”
12. Blush, 148.
13. Andersen and Jenkins, 126.
14. Touch and Go, 1981.
15. Maximum Rocknroll, 1983.
16. Maximum Rocknroll, 1984, 42.
17. Andersen and Jenkins, 161.
18. Grey, 2021.
19. Ferrando, 2006.
1983
1. Reagan, 1983.
2. Cannon, 1983."
3. Thrillseeker, 14.
4. Andersen and Jenkins, 133.
5. Ibid. 144.
6. Warfield, Crasshole, and Leyser, 79-80.
7. Connolly, Clague, and Cheslow; 46.
8. ONECHORD, 2009.
9. Andersen and Jenkins, 125.
10. Slanted, 1994.
11. Maximum Rocknroll, Issue 11, January/February 1984.
12. Hill and Jones, 5.
13. Hill and Jones, 4.
14. Sasfy, 1984, W32.
15. Blush, 153.
16. Hill and Jones, 5.
17. McPheeters, 133-37.
18. Brand New Age, Issue 1, c. 1982.
19. Cheslow and Sears, 1983, 7.
20. Hopkinson, 2020, 290.
21. Hopkinson, 2012, xii.
22. Crawford, 50.
23. Connolly, Clague, Cheslow, and Ely; 134.
24. Vee, 2020.
1984
1. Geyelin, 1984.
2. The Washington Post, 1984.
3. Rosenstone, 25-32.
4. U.S. Congress, Comprehensive Crime Control Act of 1984.
5. Werners, 1984.
6. Crawford, Metrozine 3.
7. Dugan, 2008.
8. Maximum Rocknroll, Issue 13, April/May 1984, 132.
9. WDC Period, October 1984, 10.
10. Crawford, 59.
11. Bass, 2016.
12. Hermann, 2017.
13. Bryony, 2017.
14. Baraz, 2017.
15. Crawford, 66.
16. Andersen and Jenkins, 163.
17. Rice, 20-23.
18. Andersen and Jenkins, 165-167.
19. Dugan, 2008.
20. WDC Period, October 1984, 10.
1985
1. Connolly, Clague, and Cheslow; 162.
2. Andersen and Jenkins, 173-174.
3. Andersen, "Revolution Summer."
4. Gillette, 198.
5. Stabb, 4.
6. Ornelas, 2.
7. Andersen, 2013.
8. Andersen and Jenkins, 170-171.
9. Ibid., 192.
10. Sylvester, 2010.
11. Crawford, 80.
12. Andersen and Jenkins, 183.
1986
1. Hoffman, 1986.
2. Pargeter, 140.
3. Asch and Musgrove 402-405.
4. Reinman and Levine, 184.
5. Jaffe and Sherwood, 206.
6. Allen, 2021.
7. Reinman and Levine, 182.
8. Jaffe and Sherwood, 207.
9. Andersen and Jenkins, 217.
10. Sayenga, 5.
11. Ibid., 7.
12. Crawford, 89.
13. One Last Wish, Dischord Records. https://dischord.com/band/one-last-wish.
1987
1. Thelen, 31.
2. New York Times, 1987
3. Asch and Musgrove, 403.
4. Jaffe and Sherwood, 219-220.
5. Ibid., 223.
6. Andersen, 1985, 7.
7. Amanda, 2.
8. Andersen and Jenkins, 239.
9. Ibid., 236-237
10. Ibid., 234.
11. Crawford, 91.
1988
1. Nelson, Jeff. "Meese is a Pig," 1988.
2. Prasso, 1988
3. Crawford, 95.
4. Andersen and Jenkins, 255-256.
5. Sayenga, "Dag Nasty," 29.
6. Jaffe and Sherwood.
7. Cohn, 1989.
1989
1. Schwartz, 1989.
2. Berke, 1989.
3. Asch and Musgrove, 408-409.
4. Positive Force D.C., State of the Union.
5. Foster, 2.
6. Voskans, 11.
7. Crawford; 73, 91, 103.
8. Andersen and Jenkins, 295.
9. Crawford, 119.
10. The Nation of Ulysses, 1991.
11. Nedorostek and Pappalardo, 2009.
12. Brown, 1990.
13. Hahn, 2005.
14. Kenney and Dolinger, 27-28.
15. Cheslow, 2.
1990
1. Andersen and Jenkins, 294.
2. Asch and Musgrove, 409-411.
3. Ibid., 411.
4. Doyle, 1990.
5. Isikoff, 1990.
6. Winters, 1990.
7. Andersen and Jenkins, 256.
8. Viverito, 13.
9. Caine, 2009.
10. Gentry, 27.
11. Andersen and Jenkins, 294.
1991
1. Jaffe and Sherwood, 294-95.
2. Sabin, 2018.
3. Marcus, 75-101.
4. Marcus, 76.
5. Asch and Musgrove, 414-417.
6. Smith, 2019.
7. Marcus, 78-79.
8. Marcus, 80-81.
9. Buchanan, 2018.
10. Marcus, 93-94.
11. Azerrad, 487.
12. Hopper, 2011.
13. “Simple Machines Records | Mechanics Guide.” 2000.
14. O'Hara, 2021.
15. Gentry, 2013.
16. RIAA, 2018.
17. Gitter, 87.
18. Davis, 1993, 7.
19. Zibart, 1991.
20. Hopper, 2011.
1992
1. Jaffe and Sherwood, 313-21.
2. Katz, 125-26.
3. Nehring, 79-104.
4. Earles, et al, 160.
5. Mattson, 285.
6. Marcus, 139-70.
7. Marcus, 117-19.
8. Wiederhorn, 12.
9. Gentry, 2012, 12.
10. “Simple Machines Records | Fortune Cookie Prize.” 2000.
11. “Simple Machines Records | Tool Cassette Series.” 2000.
12. True, 235.
13. “Simple Machines Records | Tool Cassette Series.” 2000.
14. Harrington, WE05.
15. Gentry, 2012, 44.
16. Gentry, 2012, 45.
17. Rodriguez, 2010.
18. Sklar, 40.
19. Haenfler, 175.
20. Kenney and Dolinger, 64.
21. Ramirez, 2021.
Books, book chapters, and journal articles
Andersen, Mark and Mark Jenkins. Dance of Days: Two Decades of Punk in the Nation’s Capital. New York: Akashic Books, 2009.
Asch, Chris Myers and George Derek Musgrove. Chocolate City: A History of Race and Democracy in the Nation’s Capital. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 2017.
Blush, Steven. American Hardcore : A Tribal History. Edited by George Petros. Los Angeles, CA: Feral House, 2001.
Buchanan, Rebekah J. Writing a Riot: Riot Grrrl Zines and Feminist Rhetorics. New York: Peter Lang, 2018.
Connolly, Cynthia, Leslie Clague, Sharon Cheslow, and Lydia Ely. Banned in DC : Photos and Anecdotes from the DC Punk Underground (79-85). Arlington, VA: Sun Dog Propaganda, 2015.
Crawford, Scott. Spoke: Images and Stories from the 1980s Washington, DC Punk Scene. New York: Akashic Books, 2017.
Earles, Andrew, Charles R Cross, and Gillian G Gaar. Kurt Cobain and Nirvana : The Complete Illustrated History. Updated ed. Minneapolis, MN: Voyageur Press, 2016.
Gentry, Brandon. Capitol Contingency : Post-Punk, Indie Rock, and Noise Pop in Washington, D.C., 1991-1999. New Orleans: Garrett County Press, 2012.
Gillette Jr., Howard. Between Justice and Beauty: Race, Planning and the Failure of Urban Policy in Washington, D.C. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1995.
Gillette Jr., Howard R. “Protest and Power in Washington, D.C.: The Troubled Legacy of Marion Barry.” In African American Mayors: Race, Politics, and the American City. Eds. David R. Colburn and Jeffery S. Adler.
Haenfler, Ross. Straight Edge : Clean-Living Youth, Hardcore Punk, and Social Change. New Brunswick, N.J. : Rutgers University Press. 2006.
Hopkinson, Natalie. Go-Go Live : The Musical Life and Death of a Chocolate City. Durham: Duke University Press, 2012.
Hopkinson, Natalie. “Fluorescent Flags: Black Power, Publicity, and Counternarratives in Go-Go Street Posters in the 1980s.” Communication, Culture and Critique 13, no. 3, 2020.
Jaffe, Harry S. and Tom Sherwood. Dream City: Race, Power, and the Decline of Washington, D.C. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1994.
Katz, Jackson. Leading Men : Presidential Campaigns and the Politics of Manhood. Northampton, Massachusetts: Interlink Books, an imprint of Interlink Publishing Group, 2013.
Kenney, Shawna, and Rich Dolinger. Live at the Safari Club : A History of Hardcore Punk in the Nation's Capital, 1988-1998. First hardcover ed. Los Angeles, CA: Rare Bird Books, 2017.
Marcus, Sara. Girls to the Front: The True Story of the Riot Grrrl Revolution. New York: Harper Perennial, 2010.
Mattson, Kevin. We're Not Here to Entertain : Punk Rock, Ronald Reagan, and the Real Culture War of 1980s America. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 2020.
McPheeters, Sam, and Tobi Vail. Mutations : The Many Strange Faces of Hardcore Punk. First trade paperback original ed. Los Angeles, Calif.: Rare Bird Books, 2020.
Musgrove, George Derek. Rumor Repression and Racial Politics: How the Harassment of Black Elected Officials Shaped Post-Civil Rights America. Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press, 2012.
Musgrove, George Derek. “‘Statehood Is Far More Difficult’:The Struggle for D.C. Self-Determination, 1980–2017.” Washington History 29, no. 2, 2017.
Nedorostek, Nathan, and Anthony Pappalardo. 2009. Radio Silence : A Selected Visual History of American Hardcore Music. New York: MTV Press.
Nehring, Neil. Kurt Cobain died for your sins: postmodernism in music journalism. In Popular music, gender, and postmodernism: Anger is an energy. SAGE Publications, Inc., 1997.
Pargeter, Alison. Libya : The Rise and Fall of Qaddafi. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2012.
Prince, Sabiyha. African Americans and Gentrification in Washington, D.C.: Race, Class and Social Justice in the Nation's Capital. Farnham, Surrey, England: Ashgate, 2014.
Reinman, Craig and Harry G. Levine. “Crack in the Rearview Mirror: Deconstructing Drug War Mythology. Social Justice 31, no. 1, 2004.
Rosenstone, Steven J. “Explaining the 1984 Presidential Election.” The Brookings Review 3, no. 2, 1985.
Shilts, Randy. And the Band Played on : Politics, People, and the Aids Epidemic. New York: Penguin Books, 1988.
Sklar, Monica. Punk Style. Subcultural Style Series. London: Bloomsbury, 2013.
Thelen, David P. Becoming Citizens in the Age of Television : How Americans Challenged the Media and Seized Political Initiative during the Iran-Contra Debate. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996.
True, Everett. Nirvana: the Biography. Cambridge, MA: Da Capo Press, 2009.
U.S. Congress. House of Representatives. Comprehensive Crime Control Act of 1984. 98th Congress, 2nd sess., 1984.
Warfield, Liam, Walter Crasshole, and Yony Leyser, eds. Queercore : How to Punk a Revolution : An Oral History. Oakland, CA: PM Press, 2021.
Williams, Brett. Upscaling Downtown : Stalled Gentrification in Washington, D.C. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1988.
Newspapers, Magazines, Fanzines, Podcasts, Liner notes, Oral history interviews, and Web publications
Allen, Scott. “Thirty-Five Years After his Death, Len Bias’ Story Continues to Resonate.” The Washington Post. June 19, 2021.
Amanda. “Letters to Us." Pathedy of Manners 2, 1987.
Andersen, Mark. “Violence – Does It Make Any Sense?" WDC Period 12, June 1985.
Andersen, Mark. “On Nelson Mandela and D.C. Punks.” Washington City Paper, December 6, 2013.
Andersen, Mark. “Revolution Summer Lives On – 30 Years Later.” The Washington Post, July 3, 2015.
Associated Press. “U.S. Capital Sets Murder Record.” The New York Times, December 26, 1991.
Ayres, B. Drummond. “Local Graft, and Tart Tongue are Bruising Capital’s Mayor.” The New York Times, September 3, 1987.
Baraz, Danny. “R.I.P. Fred "Freak" Smith, the D.C. Hardcore Guitarist Found Murdered in the Valley.” LA Weekly, August 21, 2017. https://www.laweekly.com/r-i-p-fred-freak-smith-the-d-c-hardcore-guitarist-found-murdered-in-the-valley/
Bass, Scott. “Dug E. Bird.” Perfect Sound Forever. 2016. https://www.furious.com/perfect/dougbirdzell.html
Berke, Richard L. "Washington Drug Crisis Dominates Local News." The New York Times, Apr. 14, 1989.
Brand New Age, Issue 1, c. 1982.
Bretholz, Myron. “Overkill at The Keg.” Unicorn Times, 3, no. 12, 1976.
Brown, Joe. “Roratonga Rodeo says aloha to BBQ Iguana.” The Washington Post, October 19, 1990.
Bryony. “RIP Fred “Freak” Smith, Black Punk Pioneer. Maximum Rocknroll. 2017.https://maximumrocknroll.com/rip-fred-freak-smith-black-punk-pioneer/
Caine, Paul. “Mike Schulman Guides Slumberland Records Into Its Third Decade” AV Club November 13, 2009.https://www.avclub.com/mike-schulman-guides-slumberland-records-into-its-third-1798218366
Cannon, Lou. “President Seeks Futuristic Defense Against Missiles” The Washington Post. March 24, 1983.
Carson, Tom. “Urban Verbs.” Rolling Stone, 318, May 29, 1980.
Cheslow, Sharon. "DEC. '89'." Interrobang, 1, 1989.
Cheslow, Sharon and Colin Sears. If This Goes On, 1, 1982,
Cheslow, Sharon and Colin Sears. "Minor Threat." If This Goes On, 3, 1983.
Cohn, D’Vera. “DISTRICT HOMICIDE TOTAL AT 388 AFTER SIX SLAIN.” The Washington Post, October 2, 1989.
Crawford, Scott. Metrozine 3, 1984.
Davis, John. “Guy Picciotto: Q&A.” Slanted, Issue 1, Fall 1993.
Dischord Records. "Gray Matter." Accessed July 7, 2022. https://www.dischord.com/band/gray-matter
Doyle, John M. “Regulators Sue Defunct Storefront 'Investment Company,' Officers.” AP NEWS. Associated Press, December 21, 1990. https://apnews.com/article/ebd442cd5a799ec8066d66f74097088d.
Du Lac, J. Freedom. “Welcome to the club.” Washington Post Magazine, April 18, 2010.
Dugan, John. “End on End: Rites of Spring.” Stop Smiling 37, 2008. http://www.stopsmilingonline.com/story_detail.php?id=1170
Ferrando, Dante. 2006. “Dante Ferrando/The Black Cat.” Interview by Mike Paarlberg. Dissonance, Radio CPR, December 19, 2006. https://dissonance.libsyn.com/12_19_06_dante_ferrando_the_black_cat.
Fleming, Don. Liner notes to Reflections. Chalk Circle. Mississippi Records and Post-Present Records PPM-040, MR-069, 2011, LP.
Foster, Patrick. "Less and Less Human, O Savage Spirit." Sweet Portable You 1, no. 7, May 2, 1989.
Gentry, Brandon. “Lotsa Pop Losers: An oral history.” Washington City Paper, March 27, 2013.
Geyelin, Philip. "Testing the Weinberger Doctrine." The Washington Post, Dec. 11, 1984.
Gitter, Mike. “That’s entertainment?!” Pulse!, October 1991.
Grey, Sab. Email interview with John Davis, February 13, 2021.
Hahn, Fritz. “Alice Despard: Goodbye Galaxy Hut.” The Washington Post, August 5, 2005.
Harper, Xyra. “Editorial.” Capitol Crisis 1, November 1980.
Harrington, Richard. “Teenbeat Records comes of age.” The Washington Post, February 18, 2005.
Hermann, Andy. “The Mysterious Death of a D.C. Punk and the $10,000 Reward That May Never be Claimed.” NPR. 2017. https://www.npr.org/sections/therecord/2017/12/13/570185143/the-mysterious-death-of-a-d-c-punk-and-the-10-000-reward-that-may-never-be-claim
Hill, Stuart and Bobby Jones. "An interview with Madhouse." DCene 1, 1983.
Hoffman, David. “Reagan Vetoes Sanctions against South Africa.” The Washington Post, September 27, 1986.
Hopper, Jessica. 2011. “Riot Grrrl Get Noticed.” The Guardian. June 13, 2011. https://www.theguardian.com/music/2011/jun/14/riot-grrrl-get-noticed.
Isikoff, Michael. “D.C.’s War on Drugs One Year Later.” The Washington Post, Apr. 13, 1990.
Jenkins, Mark. “The Bitch Goddess Bites (arf!).” Descenes 6, July 1980.
Leary, Mary. Interview with John Davis, January 4, 2019.
MacKaye, Ian. Interview with John Davis. September 6, 2018.
Maximum Rocknroll, Issue 5, March/April 1983.
Maximum Rocknroll, Issue 11, January/February 1984.
Maximum Rocknroll, Issue 13, April/May 1984.
The Nation of Ulysses. “The sound of jazz to come.” Track #1 on The Birth Of The Ulysses Aesthetic (The Synthesis Of Speed And Transformation). Dischord Records, 1991, 7-inch EP.
New York Times. “THE WHITE HOUSE CRISIS; a Juvenal Quotation Opens Tower Report.” The New York Times, February 27, 1987.
O’Hara, Gail. “Lotsa Pop Losers 30 years later!” Chickfactor, October 20, 2021. https://www.chickfactor.com/tag/lotsa-pop-losers/.
ONECHORD. "Nuclear Crayons." Blogger, August 23, 2009. http://onechordisenough.blogspot.com/2009/08/nuclear-crayons.html.
Ornelas, Gordon. Chow Chow Times 2, (1985).
Pianin, Eric, Edward D. Sargent, and Tom Sherwood. “Clifton Terrace Residents find Little Solace in Conviction.” The Washington Post, July 30, 1983.
Positive Force D.C. liner notes to State of the Union - DC Benefit Compilation, Various. Dischord Records 32, LP, 1989.
Prasso, Sheri. “Police Ticket, Arrest Those Posting ‘Meese Is A Pig’ Signs.” Associated Press, June 4, 1988.
Ramirez, Carlos. “Interview: Brian McTernan (Battery, Ashes, Miltown, Be Well, Producer).” January 13, 2021. No Echo. Accessed September 23, 2022. https://www.noecho.net/interviews/brian-mcternan-interview.
Reagan, Ronald. 2014. “Reagan, ‘Evil Empire,’ Speech Text - Voices of Democracy.” Voices of Democracy. 2014. https://voicesofdemocracy.umd.edu/reagan-evil-empire-speech-text/.
RIAA. 2018. “U.S. Sales Database - RIAA.” RIAA. 2018. https://www.riaa.com/u-s-sales-database/.
Rice, Barbara. "Rites of Spring: From Insurrection to Resurrection.” Truly Needy, Issue 10.
Riviera, Malcolm. “Punk Rock Flyers - Washington, DC 1982.” Design by Raiter. October 5, 2007. Accessed June 14, 2022. https://inmemoryofbob.blogspot.com/2007/10/punk-rock-flyers-washington-dc-1982.html.
Rodriguez, Juan Edgardo. “Black Tambourine (Interview).” April 14, 2010. No Ripcord. Accessed September 22, 2022. https://www.noripcord.com/features/black-tambourine-interview.
Sabin, Portia. “Part one.” Girl Germs, December 5, 2018. Podcast, MP3 audio, 19:56. https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/girl-germs-a-podcast-about-bratmobiles-pottymouth/id1443986779.
Sasfy, Joe. “Shockabilly and No Trend: Bombs Away.” The Washington Post, March 2, 1984.
Sasfy, Joe. “Past tense: The rise and fall of DC’s Urban Verbs.” Washington City Paper, Vol. 5, No. 12, March 22-28, 1985.
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“Simple Machines Records | Fortune Cookie Prize.” 2000. www.simplemachines.net. Accessed September 19, 2022. http://www.simplemachines.net/fortune.html.
“Simple Machines Records | Mechanic’s Guide.” 2000. Simplemachines.net. Accessed September 13, 2022. http://simplemachines.net/mech.html.
“Simple Machines Records | Tool Cassette Series.” 2000. www.simplemachines.net. Accessed September 16, 2022. http://www.simplemachines.net/toolcassettes.html.
Singer, Leslie. ‘Psychodrama timeline,” Unsound, 2:1, 1985.
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Smith, Jen. Interview with John Davis. January 2, 2019.
Stabb, John. “Blow Out the Candles, D.C.” Metrozine 7, 1985.
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Taylor, Vincent. “Marion Barry, Citing Achievements Officially Declares for Re-Election” The Washington Afro-American, Mar. 30, 1982.
Taylor, Vincent. “Barry Launches Anti-Crime Program; More Cops on the Street.” The Washington Afro-American, Mar. 30, 1982.
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Additional Resources
Punk Collections at the University of Maryland — all of the exhibit fliers, photographs, and zines are drawn from our own holdings and cover only a portion of our materials. Our collections are open to the public, click here for more information on how to see our collections in person.
D.C. Punk Archive— located in The People's Archive at DC Public Library, the D.C. Punk Archive is a tremendous resource for exploring the scene. Their holdings include over 35 individual collections from individuals involved in the scene ranging from musicians and organizers to zine-makers and designers. Their holdings include fliers, zines, photographs, and more.
Punk The Capital: Building a Sound Movement— covering the early foundation of the D.C. punk scene from 1976-1983, the film Punk the Capital provides a comprehensive look at the early days of punk in Washington, D.C.
Salad Days: A Decade of Punk in Washington, DC (1980-90)— focusing on 1980-1990, the film Salad Days explores the many waves of musical and social development over the decade in the D.C. punk scene.
Dischord Records— founded in 1980 by Ian MacKaye and Jeff Nelson, Dischord remains one of the foundational labels of the D.C. scene known equally for its vast catalog and pioneering embodyment of D.I.Y., Dischord continues to put out music from icons of the D.C. scene, past and present.
Teen-Beat— formed in 1984 by Mark Robinson of Unrest, Teen-Beat has long remained a major home for independent music in the D.C. area putting out releases from Unrest, Bells Of, Eggs, and many others as they continue to release records from across their wide roster.
Simple Machines Records— from 1990-1998, Simple Machines was a crucial home for the D.C. scene, putting out releases from Velocity Girl, Tsunami, The Holy Rollers, Edsel, and many others.